全文获取类型
收费全文 | 19725篇 |
免费 | 2634篇 |
国内免费 | 798篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 1349篇 |
综合类 | 1094篇 |
化学工业 | 3005篇 |
金属工艺 | 669篇 |
机械仪表 | 737篇 |
建筑科学 | 1430篇 |
矿业工程 | 340篇 |
能源动力 | 4244篇 |
轻工业 | 372篇 |
水利工程 | 92篇 |
石油天然气 | 565篇 |
武器工业 | 79篇 |
无线电 | 4312篇 |
一般工业技术 | 3507篇 |
冶金工业 | 562篇 |
原子能技术 | 126篇 |
自动化技术 | 674篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 31篇 |
2023年 | 563篇 |
2022年 | 577篇 |
2021年 | 826篇 |
2020年 | 848篇 |
2019年 | 839篇 |
2018年 | 705篇 |
2017年 | 1023篇 |
2016年 | 1131篇 |
2015年 | 1046篇 |
2014年 | 1447篇 |
2013年 | 1336篇 |
2012年 | 1525篇 |
2011年 | 1932篇 |
2010年 | 1175篇 |
2009年 | 1144篇 |
2008年 | 970篇 |
2007年 | 1006篇 |
2006年 | 922篇 |
2005年 | 683篇 |
2004年 | 518篇 |
2003年 | 459篇 |
2002年 | 392篇 |
2001年 | 342篇 |
2000年 | 271篇 |
1999年 | 198篇 |
1998年 | 250篇 |
1997年 | 146篇 |
1996年 | 170篇 |
1995年 | 102篇 |
1994年 | 135篇 |
1993年 | 93篇 |
1992年 | 60篇 |
1991年 | 45篇 |
1990年 | 45篇 |
1989年 | 18篇 |
1988年 | 22篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 28篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1957年 | 3篇 |
1951年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
61.
During the last few decades, photothermal radiometry (PTR) has been greatly developed and widely applied in the field of nondestructive testing. However, the traditional PTR system employs an expensive lock-in amplifier to detect the weak photothermal signal, which leads to high cost and long test time. In this paper, a fast transmission PTR system based on sampling by using an internal computer sound card was developed to lower the system cost and shorter the test time. A piece of amorphous silicon (a:Si) thin film solar cells with artificial defects was prepared and tested by the system. The results show that the sharpened defects can be identified easily and quickly according to the significant peaks of the original infrared signal sampled by the internal computer sound card. Furthermore, more detailed defects can be investigated by processing the infrared signal. These validate the effectiveness of the proposed transmission PTR system as a low cost and efficient non-destructive test technique. 相似文献
62.
We report a simple processing method to simultaneously improve the efficiency and stability of organic solar cells (OSCs). Poly(4-styrene sulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene (PEDOT:PSS), widely used as hole transport layer (HTL) in OSCs, tends to accelerate the degradation of devices because of its hygroscopic and acidic properties. In this regard, we have modified PEDOT:PSS to reduce its hygroscopic and acidic properties through a condensation reaction between PEDOT:PSS and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEGME) in order to improve the efficiency and stability of OSCs. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased by 21%, from 2.57% up to 3.11%. A better energy level alignment by the reduced work function of the modified PEDOT:PSS with a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) is considered the origin of the improved the efficiency. The half-life of OSCs with PEDOT:PSS modified with PEGME buffer layer also increased up to 3.5 times compared to that of devices with pristine PEDOT:PSS buffer layer. 相似文献
63.
64.
The light scattering, harvesting and adsorption effects in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are studied by preparation of coated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with TiO2 and Zr-doped TiO2 nanoparticles in the forms of mono- and double-layer cells. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that the phase composition of Zr-doped TiO2 electrode is a mixture of anatase and rutile phases with major rutile content, whereas it is the same mixture with major anatase content for coated CNTs with TiO2. Furthermore, the average crystallite size of Zr-doped TiO2 electrode is slightly decreased with Zr introduction. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images show that the porosity of Zr-doped TiO2 electrodes is higher than that of undoped electrode, enhancing dye adsorption. UV–visible spectroscopy analysis reveals that the absorption onset of Zr-doped TiO2 electrodes is slightly shifted to longer wavelength (the red-shift) in comparison with that of undoped TiO2 electrode. Moreover, the band gap energy of TiO2 nanoparticles is decreased by Zr introduction, enhancing light absorption. It is found that electron injection of monolayer TiO2 electrode is improved by introduction of 0.025 mol% Zr, resulted in enhancement of its power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 6.81% compared with 6.17% for pure TiO2 electrode. Moreover, electron transport and light scattering are enhanced by incorporation of 0.025 wt% coated CNTs with TiO2 in the over-layer of double layer electrode. Therefore, double layer solar cell composed of 0.025 mol% Zr-doped TiO2 nanoparticles as the under-layer and mixtures of these nanoparticles and 0.025 wt% coated CNTs with TiO2 as the over-layer shows the highest PCE of 8.19%. 相似文献
65.
We report on conductivity and optical property of three different types of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films [pristine PH1000 film (PH1000-p), with 5 wt.% ethylene glycol additive (PH1000-EG) and with sulfuric acid post-treatment (PH1000-SA)] before and after polyethylenimine (PEI) treatment. The PEI is found to decrease the conductivity of all the PEDOT:PSS films. The processing solvent of 2-methoxyethanol is found to significantly enhance the conductivity of PH1000-p from 1.1 up to 744 S/cm while the processing solvent of isopropanol or water does not change the conductivity of PH1000-p much. As for the optical properties, the PEI treatment slightly changes the transmittance and reflectance of PH1000-p and PH1000-EG films, while the PEI leads to an substantial increase of the absorptance in the spectral region of 400–1100 nm of the PH1000-SA films. Though the optical property and conductivity of the three different types of PEDOT:PSS films vary with the PEI treatment, the treated PEDOT:PSS films exhibit similar low work function. We demonstrate solar cells with a simple device structure of glass/low-WF PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:ICBA/high-WF PEDOT:PSS cells that exhibit good performance with open-circuit voltage of 0.82 V and fill factor up to 0.62 under 100 mW/cm2 white light illumination. 相似文献
66.
Textured surface is commonly used to enhance the efficiency of silicon solar cells by reducing the overall reflectance and improving the light scattering. In this study, a comparison between isotropic and anisotropic etching methods was investigated. The deep funnel shaped structures with high aspect ratio are proposed for better light trapping with low reflectance in crystalline silicon solar cells. The anisotropic metal assisted chemical etching (MACE) was used to form the funnel shaped structures with various aspect ratios. The funnel shaped structures showed an average reflectance of 14.75% while it was 15.77% for the pillar shaped structures. The average reflectance was further reduced to 9.49% using deep funnel shaped structures with an aspect ratio of 1:1.18. The deep funnel shaped structures with high aspect ratios can be employed for high performance of crystalline silicon solar cells. 相似文献
67.
Karim Gharbi Louise Matthews James Bron Ron Roberts Alan Tinch Michael Stear 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2015,12(110)
Sea lice threaten the welfare of farmed Atlantic salmon and the sustainability of fish farming across the world. Chemical treatments are the major method of control but drug resistance means that alternatives are urgently needed. Selective breeding can be a cheap and effective alternative. Here, we combine experimental trials and diagnostics to provide a practical protocol for quantifying resistance to sea lice. We then combined quantitative genetics with epidemiological modelling to make the first prediction of the response to selection, quantified in terms of reduced need for chemical treatments. We infected over 1400 young fish with Lepeophtheirus salmonis, the most important species in the Northern Hemisphere. Mechanisms of resistance were expressed early in infection. Consequently, the number of lice per fish and the ranking of families were very similar at 7 and 17 days post infection, providing a stable window for assessing susceptibility to infection. The heritability of lice numbers within this time window was moderately high at 0.3, confirming that selective breeding is viable. We combined an epidemiological model of sea lice infection and control on a salmon farm with genetic variation in susceptibility among individuals. We simulated 10 generations of selective breeding and examined the frequency of treatments needed to control infection. Our model predicted that substantially fewer chemical treatments are needed to control lice outbreaks in selected populations and chemical treatment could be unnecessary after 10 generations of selection. Selective breeding for sea lice resistance should reduce the impact of sea lice on fish health and thus substantially improve the sustainability of Atlantic salmon production. 相似文献
68.
Hybrid organic/inorganic perovskite planar heterojunction (PHJ) solar cells are becoming one of the most competitive emerging technologies. Here, the devices (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CH3NH3PbI3−xClx/PC60BM/C60/Al) are fabricated based on solution process. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 13.1% was obtained after isopropanol (IPA) solvent treatment, which was 9% improvement than that of the original devices. Photocurrent hysteresis could be reduced to a certain extent by introducing IPA treatment. Solvent treatment can remove as-grown impurities like CH3NH3I and defects formed during the device fabrication. We also demonstrated the electrical and optical properties of perovskite films were improved. The addition of IPA-treated facilitates the formation of a relatively smooth PC60BM films. This work provides a very simple but effective strategy to enhance the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. 相似文献
69.
Graphene oxide (GO) is widely used as an interfacial material in applications such as organic light emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices. Herein we report a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled GO thin film as an anode interfacial layer (AIL) for efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs). The GO thin film is fabricated by alternately depositing cationic polyelectrolyte poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and GO on ITO/glass substrate, which possesses controllable thickness by adjusting LbL deposition frequency. The presence of ultrathin GO films improves the work function of ITO, leading to a better contact between the active layer and ITO anode. With the optimized number of deposition times, the efficiency of 6.04% for the PSC with PDDA-GO bilayer (GO-2) as the AIL was achieved. 相似文献
70.
太阳能辅助加热系统对蒸汽动力机组运行性能的扰动研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
光煤互补热发电系统的设计过程中通常都要进行变工况计算,由小扰动理论可知,当系统变动不足以引起汽水重新分布时,省去繁杂的变工况计算也可得到精度合乎要求的结果。该文针对太阳能辅助加热系统对热力系统影响进行了定量分析,结果表明太阳能辅助加热系统只在某小范围内对热力系统的扰动可视为小扰动,在通常的取代范围内(30%~100%)虽然不能将其视为小扰动,但在节煤型和功率增大型两种运行模式下,进汽量和发电量的计算都可简化。此外当取代一段抽汽的百分数在60%以内,系统的热工转换率、发电热耗率、发电煤耗率的计算可以简化,将太阳能当余热处理时系统的热工转换率、发电热耗率、发电煤耗率的计算在全部取代范围内都可以简化,当取代一段抽汽的百分数在55%以内,集热场面积和初始投资的计算也可以简化,即以上这些参数利用小扰动法计算也可以得到符合工程精度要求的结果。研究结果为光煤互补复合发电系统的优化设计以及热经济性的分析计算提供了理论参考。 相似文献